CHEMISTRY: CONTENTS OF CLASS XII SYLLABUS
UNIT I: Solid State
• Classification of solids based on different binding forces; molecular, ionic covalent and metallic
solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three
dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency,
voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic
properties, Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
UNIT II: Solutions
• Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases
in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties- relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s
law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of
molecular masses using colligative properties abnormal molecular mass. Van Hoff factor.
UNIT III: Electrochemistry
• Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variation
of conductivity with concentration, kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and Laws of electrolysis
(elementary idea), dry cell- electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell,
standard electrode potential, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells;
corrosion.
UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics
• Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction; concentration,
temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant,
integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision
theory ( elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenious equation.
UNIT V: Surface Chemistry
• Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids,
catalysis homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal
state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic
multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian
movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions- types of emulsions.
UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
• Principles and methods of extraction- concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and
refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.
UNIT VII: p- Block Elements
• Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states,
trends in physical and chemical properties; preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid,
oxides of nitrogen (structure only); Phosphorous- allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous:
preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCI3, PCI5) and oxoacids (elementary idea
only).
• Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence,
trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses;classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur – allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: preparation,
preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of
manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).
• Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence,
trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and
uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds oxoacids of halogens (structures
only).
• Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical
and chemical properties, uses.
UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements
• General introduction, electronic configuration, characteristics of transition metals, general trends
in properties of the first row transition metals- metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation
states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy
formation. Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
• Lanthanoids- electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid
contraction and its consequences.
• Actinoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.
UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds
• Coordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic
properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism
(structural and stereo) bonding, Werner’s theory VBT,CFT; importance of coordination
compounds (in qualitative analysis, biological systems).
UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
• Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C –X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism
of substitution reactions. Optical rotation.
• Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for
monosubstituted compounds only).
• Uses and environment effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane,
iodoform, freons, DDT.
UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
• Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary
alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of
dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
• Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature
of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
• Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties uses.
UNIT XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
• Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical
and chemical properties; and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in
aldehydes; uses.
• Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties; uses.
UNIT XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines.
• Cyanides and Isocyanides- will be mentioned at relevant places.Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
UNIT XIV: Biomolecules
• Carbohydrates- Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D.L.
configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose,
glycogen): importance.
• Proteins- Elementary idea of – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary
structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only),
denaturation of proteins; enzymes.
• Hormones- Elementary idea (excluding structure).
• Vitamins- Classification and function.
• Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
UNIT XV: Polymers
• Classification- Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation),
copolymerization. Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polyesters, bakelite;
rubber, Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.
UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life
• Chemicals in medicines- analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials,
antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
• Chemicals in food- preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.
• Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
